Mechanically swept radar antenna for use with an aircraft landing monitor system

ABSTRACT

An radar antenna for use in an aircraft landing monitor which includes an elongated antenna housing mounted on a vertical pivot for horizontal oscillation in the nose of an aircraft. An elongated horn reflector mounted along the housing supports a resonant edge-slotted waveguide array therein for transmitting and receiving radar signals with a radar beam pattern narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane. An elongated bar spring is mounted in the housing and is rigidly attached to the vertical pivot in order to tend to maintain the desired oscillation of the antenna housing. A motor oscillates the antenna housing about the vertical pivot to sweep the radar beam over a predetermined azimuth angle. Circuitry is provided to sense the position of the antenna housing and for maintaining the antenna sweep at the predetermined azimuth angle and rate.

ii i'375 a q w rg Xi? 3e739e3l55 1 United btates Patent 1 [111 3,739,385 Bechtel et al. 1 June 12, 1973 MECHANIC/ALLY SWEPT RADAR 2,617,032 11/1952 Allison 343/762 ANTENNA FOR USE WITH AN AIRCRAFT LANDING MONITOR SYSTEM Primary Examiner-Stephen C. Bentley [75] Inventors: Bartow Bechtel, Richardson; Max B. gngmey james D Andrew Hasse and Rene Green, Dallas, both of Tex.

[73] Assignee: Texas Instruments Incorporated, [57] ABSTRACT Dallas, Tex. A radar antenna for use in an aircraft landing monitor [22] Flled' July 1970 which includes an elongated antenna housing mounted [21] Appl. No.: 54,990 on a vertical pivot for horizontal oscillation in the nose of an aircraft. An elongated horn reflector mounted along the housing supports a resonant edge-slotted [52] 343/705 waveguide array therein for transmitting and receiving 1 'th d tt 1 c1 3/06. 13m assi ns; assassin:2:213:33;3:: ..43/5R5LS5SC [5 8] Flew of Search a 8 spring mounted [I] the housing and 1S rigidly attached 343/7 1 l 13 78 to the vertical pivot in order to tend to maintain the ded sired oscillation of the antenna housing. A motor oscil- [56] References lates the antenna housing about the vertical pivot to UNITED STATES PATENTS sweep the radar'beam over a predetermined azimuth 3,146,449 8/1964 Serge et a1 343/756 X angle. Circuitry'is provided to sense the position of the 2,733,437 1/1956 Lyman et al 343/11 R antenna housing and for maintaining the antenna Gebhardt R weep at the predetermined azimuth angle and rate 2,730,7l7 H1956 Katchky et al 343/756 2,611,126 9/1952 Irving 343/11 R 18 Claims, Drawing Figures I28 I02 I00 20 III I i /li|| pllll i "150 M 150 15s 3 130 I20 I26 14a a 36 I32 I34 t l I- 52 ---l. H5

- IIB llHl I ll Ni V /l|[ HIM //l 1 1 -//4 IOO 7 7" .L I

n2 +Hl-m /o4 II 1 llll lIl l\ Patented June 12, 1913 3,739,385

13 Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG. I

Patented June 12, 1973 13 Sheets-Sheet 3 Patented June 12, 1973 13 Sheets-Sheet 4 llltlllllillli'lll Patented June 12, 1973 3,739,388

13 Sheets-Sheet 9 FIG. 13

Patented June 12, 1973 13 Shuts-Shem. 11

ON 6 I REAL WORLD UNBLANK sweep WIDTH ONE SHOT M\/.

FIG 2! ALTITUDE MECHANICALLY SWEPT RADAR ANTENNA FOR USE WITH AN AIRCRAFT LANDING MONITOR SYSTEM This invention relates to radar, and more particularly tothe use of a mechanically swept radar antenna having a traveling wave edge-slotted waveguide array therein for transmitting and receiving radar signals in an independent aircraft landing monitor system.

A number of aircraft guidance systems have previously been developed for assisting the landing of aircraft. However, the advent of large, high speed jet passenger aircraft and the development of automatic landing systems, such as flight director systems, have resulted in the need'for an onboard aircraft landing monitor which is independent of ground-based electronic guidance equipment to enable the pilot to progressively monitor the final aircraft approach, touchdown and rollout. Specifically, the need has arisen for an onboard independent landing monitor which provides the pilot with positive assurance that the aircraft localizer approach is valid, that the aircrafts true position relative to the runway center line and threshold is satisfactory and that the airport runway isclear of obstructions. Such an independent landing monitor is particularly desirable during blind or low visibility aircraft takeoffs or landings, and during landings at airports which are unequipped or underequipped with navigational aids.

Radar systems have previously been utilized onboard aircraft for such uses as terrain and aircraft avoidance.

- However, previously developed aircraft radar systems have not been generally useful as independent landing monitors, clue to antenna resolution deficiencies and because the radarscope display of such prior systems provides a distorted view of the runway shape. The resulting inaccurate runway display of such prior radar systems has made it extremely difficult for a pilot to make meaningful landing decisions such as identifying runway and taxiways, and accurately determining the aircraft angle to the runway center line. For instance, a conventional planned position indicator (PPI) radar display provides range and angle presentation of an approaching runway. However, this display is totally inadequate for use in a precision aircraft approach, as the display presents a birds eye" view of the runway which does not give an aircraft pilot a sense of altitude, provides no sense of urgency for landing and makes for a difficult transition to a visual inspection of the approaching runway. Additionally, the conventional B- scope and delayed B-scope presentation, wherein range is plotted against an independent variable scan angle, provides adequate identification of runway patterns at long range where the angular distortion is minimal, but provides extreme distortion of the runway at the minimum decision altitude during an aircraft landing, thereby preventing the pilot from accurately identifying the runway and taxiways and making it impossible to accurately determine the aircraft angle to the runway center line.

In accordance with the present invention, a short range, high resolution mapping radar system is located onboard an aircraft and is independent of ground based electronic equipment to monitor runway alignment and the like during approach, touchdown and rollout phases of aircraft landing. The present system utilizes a high resolution antenna system in combination with a visual radar display which presents a realworld" display of the approaching runway to the pilot on a one-to-one correspondence to real-world perspective. The pilot may then accurately identify the runway threshold, accurately determine the angle to center of the runway, measure lateral offset and make a smooth transition to visual runway information.

In accordance with the present invention, an aircraft landing monitor radar antenna includes an elongated housing for being mounted horizontally in an aircraft. An elongated horn reflector extends along a forward portion of the housing and supports therein a radar waveguide for transmitting and receiving radar signals with an antenna radiation pattern narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation. A motor is connected to OS- cillate the housing horizontally about a central vertical axis to sweep the antenna over a desired azimuth angle for airport runway detection. 7

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a radar antenna for use in an independent aircraft landing monitor includes an elongated antenna housing mounted on a vertical pivot for horizontal oscillation in an aircraft. An elongated horn reflector is mounted along the housing and includes therein an edge-slotted waveguide array for transmitting and receiving radar signals with a radiation pattern narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane. Structure is also mounted in the horn reflector forward of the waveguide for circularly polarizing the radar signals. A spring is mounted between the antenna housing and the vertical pivot for periodically storing and releasing energy during oscillation of the antenna housing. A motor is provided to oscillate the antenna housing about the vertical pivot for sweeping the radiation pattern over a predetermined azimuth angle. Circuitry senses the position of the antenna housing and maintains the antenna sweep at the predetermined azimuth angle.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a mechanically swept radar antenna for use in an aircraft landing monitor includes an antenna housing mounted for pivotal movement about a vertical axis on an aircraft. An elongated waveguide array extends along the length of the housing for directing a radar beam narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane. A motor oscillates the housing about the vertical axis for sweeping the radar beam across a predetermined azimuth angle sufficient for airport runway de tection during glideslope approach by the aircraft. Circuitry generates an electrical representation of the antenna housing position and also generates an error signal in response to comparison of the amplitude of the electrical signal against a preset level. Circuitry is responsive to the error signal for driving the motor means to maintain the desired sweep of the antenna housing.

For a more complete understanding of the invention and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of the antenna radiation pattern of the invention in the elevation plane during glideslope approach;

FIG. 2 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of the azimuth sweep of the antenna radiation pattern of the present system;

FIG. 3 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of the installation of the present landing monitor radar system in the nose of an aircraft;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the present landing monitor system;

FIG. 5 is a central sectional view taken of the antenna of the present system;

- FIG. 6 is atop view, partially broken away, of the antenna shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a front view, partially broken away, of the antenna shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view ofa portion of the slotted waveguide assembly utilized in the antenna shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the antenna sweep control circuitry of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the radar receiver utilized in the present system;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the radar transmitter utilized in the present system;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the sweep generation circuitry utilized to control the radar display of the present invention;

FIGS. 13 and 14 are diagrammatic illustrations of the relationships between the range and altitude of the aircraft in the display of the runway during glideslope approach;

FIGS. 15 and 16 are diagrams illustrating aspects of the theory of operation of the present radarscope dis- P y;

FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating the relationship between elevation angle, range and altitude according to the present display system;

FIG. 18 is a graphical representation of the nonlinear voltages utilized to control the vertical sweep of the present radarscope display;

FIGS. 19a'-d are somewhat idealized illustrations of the present radarscope display during approach to an airport runway;

FIG. 20 is a detailed schematic of the nonlinear voltage generators in the sweep generator circuit of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a detailed schematic of the delay circuitry for generation of the unblank signal for use in the sweep generator of the invention; and

FIG. 22 is the detailed schematic of the storage, clamping and summing circuits utilized in the sweep generator circuit of the invention.

Referring to the figures, FIGS. 1 and 2 somewhat diagrammatically illustrate the basic operation of the present landing monitor system. An aircraft 10 is illustrated in a landing attitude during a glideslope approach toward an airport runway 12. As shown in FIG. 1, a radar beam is transmitted from the nose of the aircraft 10 with an elevational antenna beam width 14 of about l7". As shown in FIG. 2, the azimuth antenna beam width 16 is approximately 04 and is continuously swept over an azimuth sweep angle 18 of approximately 30. The swept antenna beam configuration provided by the system enables high resolution radar mapping of the approaching runway 12 during landing of the aircraft 10. Radar reflection signals from the runway 12 and the grass andterrain surrounding the runway are received by radar receiving circuitry in the nose of the aircraft 10 and the runway 12 is displayed in real-world perspective to the pilot.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a maximum range of about five miles, with a range of about 2 miles for initial runway acquisition, is afforded to the landing monitor radar system. Aircraft l0, landing with typical glideslope angles of from 2.5 to 3.0", will thus be about 2,600 feet from the end of the runway 12 at an altitude of 200 feet and about 1,200 feet from the runway 12 at a decision altitude of feet.

FIG. 3 is a cutout view of the nose portion of a conventional aircraft to illustrate the basic components of the present landing monitor system. A mechanically swept antenna 20 is located in the nose of the aircraft and comprises an elongated edge-slotted waveguide array 22 which is reciprocated about a vertical axis 24. As may be seen from FIG. 2, the antenna 20 is periodically swept l5 on either side of the longitudinal axis of the aircraft 10 to provide the 30 sweep angle 18. In the preferred embodiment, antenna 20 is swept at a rate of 2.5 cycles per second.

Pulsed radar signals are transmitted via the antenna 20 through suitable waveguide connections 26 which extend from a transmitter-receiver housing 28. The return radar signals are received by receiver circuitry within the housing 28. Sweep generator circuitry is contained within a housing 30 and provides electrical signals via leads 32 to a display monitor radarscope 34 mounted in the instrument panel of the aircraft. Display monitor 34 is preferably of the direct view storage tube type and provides a display surface 36 wherein the pilot may receive a real-world perspective indication of the upcoming runway 12. Display monitor 34 includes various adjustment and select knobs to provide alternative conventional B sweep and PPI display sweep modes if desired. Power supply circuitry for the system is contained within a housing 38.

The present system provides a practical independent landing monitor system for use on large passenger capability jumbo jet aircraft. The present high resolution radar system permits visual assessment to the pilot of the aircrafts alignment with the runway center line during the final phase of approach, even in the event of inclement weather such as rain, snow or fog which provides zero-zero visibility.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the basic independent landing monitor system. The antenna 20 is oscillated about a rotary joint 40 by a torque motor 42. A synchro or control transformer 44 senses the instantaneous position of the antenna 20 and supplies a signal via a lead 46 to an antenna position demodulator circuit 48. The demodulator 48 generates a slowly varying DC voltage which is supplied to an output control circuit 50 which serves to operate upon the duty cycle of voltage pulses supplied to the torque motor 42 in order to maintain the desired oscillation of the antenna 20. For instance, if the oscillation of the antenna 20 begins to decrease in magnitude, the output control circuit 50 drives the torque motor 42 to increase the angle of antenna oscillation.

The antenna 20 is connected through a circulator 52 to a radar transmitter 54 and a radar receiver 56. Circulator 52 operates as a duplexing circuit in order to couple the antenna 20 with either the transmitter 54 or the receiver 56. A synchronizer circuit 58 is connnected for control of the transmitter 54, and comprises a clock circuit (not shown) containing an RC oscillator which establishes the PRF for the system. A PMT monostable multivibrator circuit (not shown) is triggered by the clock to set the pulse of the premaster trigger (PMT) of the system. The PMT is fed through buffer circuits to various portions of the system, as will be described later in greater detail.

The PMT is fed from the transmitter 54 to the sweep generator unit and specifically to real-world sweep circuits 60 and PPI and B sweep circuits 62. An altitude input signal representative of the altitude of the aircraft is also fed into the real-world sweep circuit, and outputs are generated for application to sweep selection circuits 64. The sweep selection circuits 64 are controlled by mode switches in a control box 66. When the real-world mode is selected, the real-world sweep circuits 60 drive vertical and horizontal deflection amplifiers 68 to provide a real-world perspective display on the direct view storage tube (DVST) 70. When the PPI mode is selected at the control box 66, the lPPI sweep circuits 62 drive the vertical and horizontal deflection amplifiers 68 to provide a plan position indicator display in the well known manner at the DVST 70. When the B sweep selection is made at control box 66, the B sweep circuit 62 operates to drive the vertical and horizontal deflection amplifiers 68 to provide a conventional B sweep indication at the DVST 70. Power is provided to the various portions of the system from suitable power supplies 72.

The receiver 56 is of the quasilog type and generates signals via leads 74 which are applied to video amplifiers 76. An unblank and intensity compensation circuit 78 supplies an unblank signal to the amplifier 76. Amplifier 76 supplies the amplified video and unblanking signals to the write gun supply 80 to control the intensity of the electron writing beam of the DVST 70. The intensity control 82, mounted on the front panel of the display, controls the gain of the unblanking amplifier 76, which in turn controls the brightness of the video information written on the DVST. The memory control 82, also mounted on the front panel of the display, is used to control the persistance (or storage time) of the display. The memory control operates upon the erase generator circuitry 86 and causes it to supply a variable duty cycle pulse train to the backing electrode of the DVST 70. This in turn controls the amount of information erased from the storage surface of the DVST. The erase generator 86 also supplies a pulse, coincident with the erase pulse, to a dunk tube (not shown) which drops the view screen supply 88 voltage to a very low level for the duration of the erase pulse. This eliminates light bursts that would otherwise occur for the erase pulse duration. The flood gun supply 84 provides the necessary voltages to the DVST such that flooding beam is properly collimated. The receiver gain control supplies a signal to the receiver 56 to vary the amplitude of the radar video which is supplied to the display.

The DVST 70 is of conventional design, and a suitable tube for use with the invention has a writing speed of 450,000 inches per microsecond and is manufactured and sold by Westinghouse Corporation. Basically, the flood gun of the DVST illuminates a grid which is selectively charged by the write gun of the tube. The tube thus has persistence which is determined by the duty cycle of the erase generator which is pulsed to erase the image on the DVST. The unblanking circuits of the system inhibit the display during the retrace time of the sweeps.

The unblanking circuits enable the display to write video and symbology on the DVST during the active portion of the sweeps. The intensity compensation circuits 78 provide a compensation signal superimposed on the unblanking pedestal pulse to correct for the differences in sweep speed (inches/usec) and the density of radar returns at different areas on the display screen. The use of the DVST is advantageous in the system as the tube supplies an integrating quality. Therefore, weak pulses received by the system tend to be integrated due to the fact that a large number of hits (radar returns) strike the same resolution cell on the screen of the DVST.

A range tracker system receives the PMT from synchronizer 58, the radar video from receiver 56, and the antenna position signal from demodulator 48. The range tracker system previously developed. indications of the range of the aircraft to runway touchdown. in the preferred embodiment, a plurality of passive reflectors are arranged adjacent the airport runway in a predetermined pseuclorandom coded configuration, and the tracker system 90 detects radar reflections from the reflectors to accurately determine the aircraft range to the reflectors. This range tracker system 90 is described in detail in the copending patent application Ser. No. 055,165, filed July 15, 1970, and entitled Range Tracking System for Use in An independent Aircraft Landing Monitor.

The range information generated by tracker 90 is fed to the amplifiers 76 for display to the pilot on the DVST 70. The range information is also fed to a glideslope computer 92 which detects the relative amplitudes of radar signals reflected from predetermined reflectors adjacent the runway to generate indications of the position of the aircraft relative to the runway glideslope. The indications are fed to amplifiers 76. For a more detailed descriptionof the glideslope computer, reference is made to the copending patent application Ser. No. 055,164, filed July 15, 1970, and entitled Glideslope Position Detection System for Use With An Independent Aircraft Landing Monitor.

ANTENNA SYSTEM FIGS. 5-7 illustrate the antenna assembly 20. A generally cylindrical member is adapted to be rigidly attached to a radome bulkhead within the nose of an aircraft. A housing 102 is connected to the cylindrical member 100 and supports the oscillating antenna assembly. A lower housing 104 contains a rotary joint 106 which enables rotation between a fixed waveguide section 108 and a waveguide section 110 which is attached to the oscillating antenna. The waveguide assembly 108 is connected to the transmitter and receiving circuitry of the system. The entire waveguide assembly of the system is normally pressurized with Freon-l 16. A control transformer 111 is connected to a torque motor including a torque rotor 112 and a torque motor stator and housing 114. The control transformer 111 senses the position of the antenna and supplies signals to the antenna control loop previously described in order to provide control signals to the torque motor to maintain the desired oscillation of the antenna.

The output shaft 116 of the torque motor is mounted in bearings 118 and is fixedly attached to an antenna housing 120 for oscillation thereof. A shaft 122 is fixed at the upper end of the housing 124 which is bolted onto housing 102. An outer housing 126 is connected to the oscillatable antenna and is mounted in bearings 128 and 130 for relative rotation with respect to the fixed housing of the antenna system. The lower end of the shaft 122 is connected to a generally U-shaped member 132 which receives a center portion of an elongated flexible metal spring 134. A bolt 136 enables the U-shaped member 132 to be tightly clamped about the center of the spring 134. As best shown in FIG. 6, the spring 134 extends along the length of the antenna housing 120. The ends of the spring 134 are free, but are slidably received between rollers 140 at one end, and rollers 142 at the other end thereof. As the antenna housing is oscillated, the spring 134 flexes and rotates relative to the rollers 140 and 142. The spring 134 stores energy upon rotation of the antenna housing and tends to return the housing back to its previous position.

A real housing portion 146 is attached to housing 120 to provide an aerodynamically streamlined configuration to the antenna. A forwardly facing radome 148 is also attached to housing 120. Preferably, radome 148 is constructed from a material such as fiberglas to en able transmission of radar signals therethrough.

An antenna reflector horn 150 is disposed along the front length of the antenna and includes a waveguide 152 along the length thereof. Waveguide 152 is connected to waveguide 110. A quarter-wave grid type polarizer 154 is mounted in the reflector 150 and is preferably comprised of a foam type dielectric material. A backing channel member 156 is connected to the reflector 150.

As shown in FIG. 6, in operation the antenna is swept about the vertical axis extending through shaft 122 about a 30 angle, or on either side of the headon position of the antenna. The spring 134 assists in maintaining oscillation of the antenna and the error signals fed from the control transformer control circuit back to the torque motor assists in maintaining the oscillation of the antenna at the predetermined angle.

In the preferred embodiment of the antenna, the antenna is approximately 60 inches long and 7 inches wide. The present antenna is preferably operated in the Ka band of 33 to 38 GHz. With a 2.5 dB antenna loss, the antenna gain for the preferred system is approximately 33.5 dB.

The present antenna is of an edge-slotted waveguide array type. More particularly, reference is made to FIG. 8 which illustrates a section of the edge-slotted waveguide 152 utilized in the present antenna. A plurality of slots 160 slope in a first direction, while alternate slots 162 cut through the front face of the waveguide slant in an opposite direction. The slots are regularly cut in the front narrow wall of the waveguide 152 and are designed to resonate at a frequency which is twice the waveguide wave length spacing. Thus, at resonance all of the slots radiate in phase and the beam is oriented normal to the array length. At resonance the slots 160 and 162 become a pure conductance and add, since the slots are in shunt in the transmission line circuit. At the resonant frequency, the load is thus pure resistive and is equal to the sum of the slot conductances.

To properly illuminate the array, power is extracted from the traveling wave as each slot is illuminated. Because of this, the slot conductance is increased with distance from the feed point of the waveguide, thus resulting in a total conductance much greater than unity and consequently resulting in a large resistive mismatch at resonance. For this reason, the present array is operated slightly above the resonant frequency. The beam is thus pointed approximately one to two beam widths away from broadside of the antenna. Under this condition, a VSWR of less than 1.2:1 is insured. The present antenna of the preferred embodiment will operate at 178 wavelengths at the Ka-band. For additional description of the theory of such edge-slotted waveguide arrays, reference is made to Antenna Engineering Handbook, by H. Jasik, 1961, Chapter 9, McGrawHill.

The quarter wave plate polarizer member 154 converts the horizontal polarization of the slotted array feed to circular polarization. The polarizer 154 is a quarter wave device comprising a plurality of regularly spaced narrow metallic vanes supported in the l0w-loss dielectric Eccofoam material. The orientation of the metal vanes are at an angle of 45 with respect to the antenna polarization to thereby convert the linear po larization to circular polarization. An integrated cancellation ratio (ICR) of 17 dB is readily achievable utilizing this circular polarization technique.

Although not shown, in the preferred embodiment of the antenna, the waveguide 152 is routed in a second path back along the length of the antenna to maintain symmetrical loading thereof. The waveguide and the reflector antenna horn are generally constructed from aluminum and connected in a rigid configuration. The torque motor chosen for use with the invention in the preferred embodiment is a brushless DC torque motor with a permanent magnet rotor and a toroid coil wound stator. The motor is rated i25 angular motion, continuous at 8 watts and a 20 ounce-inch peak torque. A high pressure reserve bottle of Freon-116 is mounted near the far end of the waveguide and feeds the wave guide with pressurized Freon-1 16 through a preset pressure reducer. A pressure gauge fitting on the bottle allows checking of the reserve supply and a similar attachment combined with the lead valve is provided at the end of the waveguide. adjacent to the load to allow verification of pressure in the waveguide and to enable bleeding of the system after maintenance.

FIG. 9 illustrates in block detail the circuit for control of the oscillatory motion of the antenna 42. The synchro 44 comprises a linear transformer which generates a modulated 2,000 cycles per second signal to an output demodulator circuit 168. A reference voltage, which preferably is the 2,000 cycle per second aircraft supply voltage, is fed to the synchro 44 and to a reference demodulator and offset sum circuit 170. Circuit compensates the aircraft supply voltage for changes in voltage amplitude and supplies a constant voltage amplitude to a multiplier I72. Circuit 170 thus prevents detection of changes in the aircraft supply voltage amplitude as changes in the antenna position.

The output of the output demodulator 168 is a slowly varying DC signal at the antenna scan rate, which in the preferred embodiment is 2% cycles or above. The output of the demodulator 168 is thus responsive to the instantaneous position of the antenna 20. The output of the multiplier 172 generates a signal responsive to the antenna position to the 90 phase shifter 174 and to the absolute value amplifier 176. The 90 phase shifter 174 shifts the sinusoidal output from the multiplier 172, such that zero crossings thereof are representative of the occurrence of peaks of the waveforms. A positive zero crossing detector 178 generates an electrical indication of the positive amplitude peaks of the antenna position signal, while a negative zero crossing detector 180 provides indications of the negative voltage peaks of the amplitude position signal.

The output of detector 1'71";v is fed to an input of an OR logic 182 and also to the trigger input of a voltage variable pulse width monostable multivibrator 184. The output of the detector 180 is also fed through the OR logic 182 and also to the trigger input of a voltage variable pulse width monostable multivibrator 186. The multivibrator 184 is triggered upon the occurrence of each positive peak of amplitude position signal, while the multivibrator 1186 is triggered only upon the occurrence of negative peaks of the antenna position signal.

The output of the OR logic 182 is fed to a sample and hold amplifier 188. The absolute value amplifier 176 rectifies the position signal from the multiplier 172 and gives a positive voltage output indicative of both the left and right scan peak positions of the antenna. This information is fed to the sample and hold amplifier 188, which generates a positive voltage representative of the peak left and right position of the antenna only upon the occurrence of a position peak as detected by the OR logic 182. This voltage is applied to the multivibrators 184 and 186. As the multivibrators 184 and 186 are alternatively triggered by detectors 178 and 180, a

- monostable multivibrator output pulse is alternatively generated by the multivibrators which is representative of alternating left and right antenna position peaks.

The pulse width of the multivibrator outputs is dependent upon the detected position of the antenna. The pulse outputs from the multivibrators are fed to a driver matrix 188, which may comprise a transistor driver or an SCR circuit driver. The pulse outputs are then applied to the torque motor 42 in order to control the position of the antenna. One of the pulse outputs drives the motor 42 in a clockwise direction while the other pulse outputs drive the motor 42 in a counterclockwise direction. If the antenna oscillation begins to slow down, the pulse width of the outputs from the multivibrators is increased to increase the drive to the antenna. Conversely, if the peak left and right positions of the antenna begins to exceed predetermined position limits, the width of the pulse outputs from the multivibrators 184 and H86 decreases in order to decrease the driving motion to the motor 41.

RADAR RECEiVER FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of the radar receiver of the invention. Radar signals received by the antenna are fed through the ferrite circulator 52, previously described. A load 200 is attached to the circulator 52 for use in testing of the receiver. The transmitter magnetron is also connected to the circulator 52. The circulator 52 is operated as a duplexer to permit the use of a single antenna. The signals from the transmitter are sampled through a coupler 202 and are fed through a power monitor circuit 204 to one input of a NAND gate 206 and the built-in test equipment unit of the system.

The received signals from the antenna are transmitted through the circulator 52 which may comprise the circulator R-64l-LS manufactured and sold by Ferrotech, Inc. to a T-R switch 208. Switch 208 may comprise, for instance, the switch tube MA-3773 manufactured and sold by Microwave Associates. A keep-alive circuit 210 biases the T-R switch 208 so that the switch tube is on the verge of breaking down in order to provide signal isolation in the known manner. The received signals are further fed through a ferrite switch 212 which provides additional attenuation from the transmit pulse. The ferrite switch may comprise, for instance, the LTW103 switch manufactured and sold by Ferrotech, Inc. The PMT signal is fed through a switch driver 214 in order to control the'operation of the ferrite switch 212.

The receiver signals are fed through a signal mixer comprising diodes 216 and 218 connected at opposite polarity terminals. the diodes and is also connected to two inputs of a NAN D gate 222. A solid state local oscillator 224 comprises a voltage controlled oscillator which supplies a 50 MW signal at 1.458 Gl-lz to a power amplifier which increases the power to about one watt. The signal is then fed through a 2:6 multiplier which preferably will comprise a thin-film device. The resulting 250 MW signal at 8.75 GHz is fed through a x4 multiplier to generate the final 10 MW signal at 32.94 GHz :150 MHz. This resulting signal is fed through an isolation circuit 226 for mixing with the received signals. The frequency applied to a linear amplifier 228 comprises a 60 MHz intermediate frequency.

The lF signal is amplified in the linear amplifier 228 and a sensitivity time control (STC) signal is applied to reduce the receiver saturation as the target range decreases. The STC signal is applied from a generator 230 which is controlled by the PMT signal of the system. The amplified signals are applied through a log post amplifier 232 wherein a final dB gain is applied to the signal. A manual gain adjust control is applied to the amplifier 232. Amplifier 232 has a linearlogarithmic characteristic matched to the indicator dynamic range of the system to insure the optimum display of radar target information. In the preferred embodiment, the amplifier 232 comprises seven amplification stages all of which operate for low power signals. The stages begin to saturate one by one as the received signal becomes stronger, in order to give a voltage output which is a linear function of the input power to the system.

The output of amplifier 232 is applied to a video detector and amplifier 234 which includes an emitter follower output. The detector 234 regulates the 60 MHz signal and operates as an envelope detector to generate a video voltage pulse. A fast time constant (FTC) operation may be applied at the amplifier 232 at the operator's option. The FTC operation serves to break up tar gets with large cross section, such as terminal buildings or residential areas, to prevent the saturation of the radar display. The video voltage pulses are applied to the indicator of the system in a manner to be later described in greater detail.

A power monitor coupler 236 detects the signals transmitted from the magnetron and applies the signals to an AFC mixer comprising diodes 238 and 240 connected at opposite polarity terminals. The output from the isolator circuit 226 is also monitored by a coupler 242 and applied to the AFC mixer. The mixed signal, when the system is correctly operating, should be at the IF frequency and is applied through a limiting amplifier 244 to the AFC circuit 246. The output of the AFC circuit 246 is applied to an input of the gate 222. The AFC mixer is also connected to two inputs of the gate 222. The AFC circuit 246 is connected through a movable switch arm 248 which is movable between connection to the local oscillator 224 and connection to a terminal 250. Terminal 250 is connected to a test load resistor 252 which is connected tocircuit ground.

A resistance 2 20 is connected across The above-described AFC circuit maintains the receiver in frequency synchronization with the ttansmitter. When the receiver is properly operating, the resultant signal from the AFC mixer should be at the IF frequency. The mixed signal is applied to the AFC circuit. 246 which contains discriminator and reference oscillator circuitry to generate a DC signal for control of the local oscillator 224. If it is impossible to drive oscillator 224 to the desired frequency value, the resulting signal is applied to the gate 222 and gate 206 in order to actuate a fail indicator light 254 located on the aircraft instrument panel. Additionally, the presence of minimum transmitter peak output power is sensed by the power monitor circuit 204, and the fail indicator light 254 is energized if the output power falls below a predetermined minimum value.

The presence of mixer crystal bias current is also determined by the gate 222 and the fail indicator light 254 is illuminated if a current failure occurs. The illumination of the fail indicator light 254 indicates a condition below design minimums, but does not necessarily indicate a complete failure of the radar. Operator adjustment will be required to judge when the informa tion displayed by the system has deteriorated to a point of being completely unusable. To enable the operator to make such a decision, the movable switch arm 248 may be moved to the manual AFC test position and a movable switch arm 256 moved to connect the output of the linear amplifier 228 with a ringing line 258.

The ringing line 258 generates a series of IF pulses spaced a predetermined delay apart the pulses being fed through the amplifier 232 for display upon the visual indication system of the invention. Six horizontal lines are displayed upon the radarscope, along with one vertical line at a position equivalent to the aircraft line of flight. This is accomplished by simulating an altitude input of 500 feet into the display. The ringing line 258 is actuated by an attenuated transmitter pulse which excites the ringing line to create a pulse train of 60 MHz pulses which are 2000 feet apart in radar range and which decrease in amplitude with increasing range. The pulse trains produced by the ringing line 258 are displayed on the visual display as horizontal lines to give an indication of correct operation of the antenna scan drive circuitry, the synchros and the display circuitry.

The amplitude of the injected pulses into the amplifier 232 is such that the six horizontal lines will be produced on the radarscope equivalent to two, four, eight, ten and twelve thousand feet ranges as viewed from 500 feet. The seventh and subsequent pulses from the ringing line 258 will fall below the system threshold and will thus not be displayed. The line display provided by the ringing line gives a good indication of proper receiver gain control setting, and if less than six lines are displayed when the system is put in the test position, the receiver sensitivity is below operating minimums. The vertical strobe which appears on the face of the visual display in the test mode is positioned by the antenna position synchro. The position of the vertical strobe horizontally relative to the center line is a measure of the linearity and accuracy of the display sweeps in the bore site position.

For additional description of radar receiver operation, reference is made to Introduction To Radar Systems, Chapter 8, by Merrill 1. Skolnik, 1962, McGraw-Hill.

RADAR TRANSMITTER FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of the present radar transmitter. Input power is supplied to the present system via the 400 cps conventional aircraft supply and passed through a line filtering system which filters out the high frequency components of the aircraft voltage supply system. Three-phase relay switch 282 switches the 400 cycle cps signal into a plate transformer 284. Overload protector circuit 286 prevents overload of the system and a magnetron filament relay circuit 288 supplies current to the magnetron filament. Current is supplied to the filament of the thyratron of the circuit via a transformer 290.

A three-phase bridge 292 supplies rectified voltage via the L-section filter 294 to a charging choke 296. A bleeder circuit 298 provides discharge protection to the filter 294 when the system is turned off. The charging choke 296 includes inductors which provide a high impedance load for the system. The voltage is applied via an inverse and charging diode assembly 300 to the transmitter thyratron 302. A trigger module 304 supplies trigger pulses to the grid of the thyratron 302. The output of the thyratron 302 is applied through a pulse forming network 306 which pulses when the thyratron 302 fires. The pulses from the network 306 are applied through a pulse transformer 308 which supplies pulses to the magnetron 310.'The modulator of the invention is oil filled in order to eliminate voltage break down at high altitudes and to comply with decompression tests required to meet FAA environmental specifications. While a number of Ka band magnetrons are commercially available, the preferred embodiment of this system utilizes a L-4564 tunable tube manufactured and sold by Litton Industries which is modified to deliver KW peak power. Power for the magnetron 310 is applied through a filament transformer 312.. The output of the magnetron 310 is applied to the circulator 52.

The synchronize r 58 supplies the PMT signal for timing operations of the system in the manner previously described.

In operation of the radar transmitter, the synchronizer 58 supplies a PMT signal to the trigger module 304 which delays the PMT to provide the thyratron trigger signal. The thyratron 302 normally has a high impedance and the pulse forming network 306, which preferably comprises a chain of LC networks, is charged up to the plate voltage applied to the thyratron 302. When the thyratron is fired, the pulse forming network 306 discharges through the pulse transformer 308 which steps up the voltage to provide a high voltage drive to the magnetron 310. A 40 ns pulse width signal is generated by the pulse forming network 306 for application to the magnetron 310. The inverse diode assembly 300 supplies a current return path for the energy which is not transferred to the magnetron due to mismatch between the pulse forming network and the pulse transformer during discharge. The modulator is protected by the overload protector circuit 286 for overloads caused by excessive line currents, magnetron arcing or magnetron open circuits. In the occurrence of an overload, the three-phase power to the modulator high voltage supply is removed.

For additional description of radar transmitter operation, reference is made to Introduction To Radar Systems, Chapter 6, by Merrill l. Skolnik, 1962, 

1. An aircraft radar antenna comprising: an elongated housing for being mounted horizontally in an aircraft, an elongated horn reflector extending along the forward portion of said housing, a radar waveguide extending within said horn reflector for transmitting and receiving radar signals, said horn reflector forming an antenna radiation pattern narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane, motor means connected to oscillate said housing horizontally about a central vertical axis to sweep the antenna over an azimuth angle, and an elongated spring rigidly clamped in its center and having free ends for periodically storing and releasing energy during oscillation of said housing.
 2. The antenna of claim 1 and further comprising: a plurality of alternatively sloped slots formed along the length of said waveguide.
 3. The antenna of claim 1 and further comprising: means for sensing the instantaneous position of said housing, means for comparing the position of said housing with a preselected desired position, and means for generating a control signal to said motor means when said housing deviates from the preselected desired position.
 4. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said antenna radiation pattern has an angle of approximately 17* in elevation.
 5. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said antenna radiation pattern has an angle of less than 1* in azimuth.
 6. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said housing is swept over an azimuth angle of approximately 30* for airport runway detection.
 7. The antenna of claim 1 and further comprising: polarizing means including a plurality of metal strips slanted to the horizontal and disposed in said horn reflector forward of said waveguide.
 8. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said waveguide transmits radar signals in the Ka-band.
 9. The antenna of claim 1 wherein said waveguide comprises: a resonant edge-slotted waveguide array operable to transmit radar signals in the Ka-band.
 10. A radar antenna for use in an independent aircraft landing monitor comprising: an elongated antenna housing mounted on a vertical pivot for horizontal oscillation in an aircraft, an elongated horn reflector mounted along said housing, a resonant edge-slotted waveguide array extending within said horn reflector for transmitting and receiving radar signals with a radiation pattern narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane, means mounted in said horn reflector forward of said waveguide for circularly polarizing said radar signals, spring means mounted between said antenna housing and said vertical pivot, motor means for oscillating said antenna housing about said vertical pivot for sweeping the radiation pattern over a predetermined azimuth angle, and means for sensing the position of said antenna housing and for maintaining the antenna sweep at the predetermined azimuth angle.
 11. The radar antenna of claim 10 wherein said spring means comprises: an elongated bar spring rigidly connected at the center thereof to said vertical pivot and having free end portions slidably abutting said housing.
 12. The radar antenna of claim 10 wherein said means for polarizing comprises: a plurality of slanted wire members embedded in a dielectric support mounted in said horn reflector.
 13. The radar antenna of claim 10 wherein said means for sensing comprises: means for generating an electrical signal representative of antenna position, means for sensing the amplitude of said electrical signal at the Peaks of antenna oscillation, and means responsive to said sensing means for generating control signals to said motor means for maintaining the antenna sweep at the predetermined azimuth angle.
 14. The radar antenna of claim 13 wherein said means for sensing comprises: means for phase shifting said electrical signal, detectors for generating signals when the phase shifted electrical signal passes through zero amplitude, and means responsive to said detectors for sampling the voltage magnitude of the electrical signal.
 15. The radar antenna of claim 14 and further comprising: means for generating driving pulses to said motor means, the width of said pulses being proportional to the amplitude of the sampled voltage magnitude of the electrical signal.
 16. A mechanically swept radar antenna for use in an aircraft landing monitor comprising: an antenna housing mounted for pivotal movement about a vertical axis on an aircraft, an elongated waveguide array extending along the length of said housing for directing a radar beam narrower in the azimuth than in the elevation plane, motor means for oscillating said housing about said vertical axis for sweeping said radar beam across a predetermined azimuth angle sufficient for airport runway detection during approach by the aircraft, means for generating an electrical signal representative of the antenna housing position, means for generating an error signal in response to comparison of the amplitude of said electrical signal against a preset value, and means responsive to said error signal for driving said motor means to maintain the desired antenna sweep.
 17. The radar antenna of claim 16 and further comprising: means for phase shifting said electrical signal, detectors for generating signals when the phase shifted electrical signal passes through zero amplitude, and means responsive to said detectors for sampling the voltage magnitude of the electrical signal.
 18. The radar antenna of claim 17 and further comprising: means for generating driving pulses to said motor means, the width of said pulses being proportional to the amplitude of the sampled voltage magnitude of the electrical signal. 